Kidney stones —formed from minerals and salts—can be painful and costly to treat. Despite decades of research, treatment options are often invasive and evidence reveals a high rate of reoccurrence. Recently, the intestinal microbiome has become a focus for novel therapies using probiotics to lessen kidney stone formation.
Kidney stones, in brief
Numerous risk factors are implicated in this condition, clinically referred to as nephrolithiasis: genetics, dehydration, a diet high in protein, salt or sugar, obesity, digestive diseases and other medical conditions as well as digestive surgeries. The lifetime risk of kidney stones is about 19% in men and 9% in women.
While there are several types of kidney stones, about 70 to 80% are composed of calcium oxalate, created when calcium combines with oxalate in the urine.
Oxalate is a naturally occurring compound derived from metabolism in the liver and through certain plant foods in our diets. Unable to be metabolized, oxalate is absorbed through the intestines and combines with calcium in excreted urine to form stones. Strikingly, all the main nutritional imbalances associated with increased risk of calcium nephrolithiasis are also associated with specific alterations of gut microbiota composition.
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